Essays (17155 words) - , Term Papers, Research Papers

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An Examination of Social Control essays

An Examination of Social Control essays It is hard to discuss a subject and analyze that subject when it is an accepted fact that no definition can be agreed upon. The definition of social control or lack of definition is one of those subjects. Many papers have been written, many theories have been proposed and according to Robert Meier in his paper, Perspectives on the Concept of Social Control, no hard definition or theory has ever been agreed upon. The only thing to be done is to read the papers, listen to the theories, use personal experiences, and try to establish a personal idea of the concept of social control. Some definitions have been established. There are four levels of social control: Macro politics level, historical and cultural level, organizational level, and micro politics level. The Macro level is the political, legal and economic aspect of social control. The Macro level has to do with the legislative arm of society, which passes the laws by which we as a society must live. It is an impersonal level of social control. The politicians pass the laws and all of society must live by those laws or be held responsible by the enforcement officials, at which point, the legal system comes into the picture and attorneys get involved. It takes money to hire a lawyer and those without the financial means are left behind. Theres never any really interaction with the average Joe or regular people in the Macro Political level. Everything is pretty much left up to the powers that be at the top of the political ladder and the law enforcement officers and the lawyers. At the Macro level public harassment and the psy-complex are affected due to laws passed over the years and the governmental body getting involved. Women are no longer at the mercy of patriarchal culture. But it should also be noted that the laws passed to protect against such social transgressions are not gender specific. Control is beginning to have blurred lines. Men, as...

Term paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Term Paper Example It is further concerned with other activities such as the disposition of offenders and treatment of juveniles found to have committed a criminal act. The criminal justice system also includes public institutions and key players such as the police, prosecutors, courts, corrections, crime victims and so on (â€Å"Criminal Justice System†). Purpose According to Frase and Weidner, the criminal justice system has the primary purpose of enforcing laws in line with the defined rules and limitations. The authors furthered that the â€Å"system† refers to â€Å"something highly rational – carefully planned, coordinated, and regulated† (Frase & Weidner). On the other hand, Drakeford and Friedman reiterated that controlling crime and assuring due process are the two main purposes of the criminal justice system (5). Key Players’ Functions The criminal justice system is composed of four institutions, namely, police, prosecution, courts, and corrections, and thes e interact with each other towards a balanced action for justice. In simpler terms, the police are responsible for enforcing the law; the courts are responsible for hearing the legality of the crime, and; corrections house the convicted offenders. The following section lists the specific responsibilities of these key players. Police. According to Stevens, the police have intended and unintended functions that include the following: morals enforcement, class control, riot control, order maintenance, safety, service, and crime fighting. Other specific functions include the following: To subdue conduct that is considered threatening. To protect or help a person who is harmed. To uphold security in the community. To help people who are unable to help themselves such as the handicap, the mentally ill, the old and the young, and others. To help in resolving conflict between groups and individuals. To oversee the movement of vehicles and people. To recognize problems that can become seriou s problems (Stevens). Prosecutor. The main function of the prosecutor in a trial is to convince the jury that the defendant is guilty of the crime. Other functions include, but not limited to, the following: To ensure that the guilty person is convicted. To charge suspect with a crime. To represent the government during a trial. To assist in selecting jurors. To call on witnesses to prove the defendant’s guilt. To cross-examine the witnesses presented by the defense (Read). Court. The court consists of the prosecutors, judges and other stakeholders, each of which has roles to fulfill. The prosecuting office must present evidence to the court regarding the guilt of the offender. The prosecutor is usually involved during the initial investigation, pretrial hearings and during the trial. During the preliminary hearing, several factors such as the severity of the offense, will determine the next step. The lack of probable cause can lead to the dismissal of the case. Otherwise the case may be brought to the grand jury. If there is sufficient evidence, the grand jury then decides to try the offender (Drakeford & Friedman, 8-9). Corrections. Drakeford and Friedman stated that corrections have several purposes, one of which is to punish the offenders. This is based on the belief that punishment deters offenders from criminal behavior. Another purpose of the corrections is to protect the society from these offenders. The third purpose is to rehabilitate the offenders (10). Interaction of Key Players The key players in the criminal justice system,

Bench mark assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bench mark assessment - Essay Example The heritage assessment tool identifies other factors such as family relations, place of origin and religion. In this regard, the tool exposes key issues that affect health in unknown capacities. Applying health assessment tool is an intelligent measure that enables health experts identify silent factors that affect health. Effective health policies can be devised from the results of the heritage assessment tools. From the tool, experts have a chance to access data that can trace historical health issues in the family. The point implies that health professionals can interpret various issues from the data that is given by the families. The different types of information in the tool, for example, commitment to religion, gives a clue to the health experts on which health threats a family might suffer or be suffering (World Health Organization). In this regard, effective control measures can be designed to protect them and how practitioners approach their health related problems. As the assessment results show, the most common health traditions include eating ethnic foods, engaging in religious activities and engaging in ethnic activities. Health is considered a combination of spiritual, mind and body well-being. Thus, understanding these issues and their effect on the health is the first step in ensuring a healthy community (Hollins 2009). All the issues positively identify a diverse health situation in a population. The families exposed a unique preference to ethnic foods. The families explained that at ethnic food from their background is art of their meals. In this regard, it is imperative to evaluate the nature of the consumed foods to ascertain the suitability for sustaining good health. The two families, with Asian and Caribbean origins, showed a tight relationship and preference to continue consuming ethnic foods. The cultural considerations in diet are critical in determining

Southwest Airlines Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Southwest Airlines Case Study - Essay Example This has necessitated a review of its mission and vision statements that will form the basis of this paper. Introduction This paper will look at the mission statement, vision statement and values of Southwest Airlines, a local airline operating within the USA but now branching out regionally starting with Mexico and the Caribbean. I will analyze each of the above elements from the point of view of good strategic management principles, evaluating their efficacy and worth as exemplary factors or otherwise. I will also try to determine whether they truly reflect the body and soul of the business, and if not, make recommendations and changes in the above three elements so that they are worthy of good strategic management principles. Company's Mission Statement and Analysis Southwest Airlines believes in continuing to be the USA’s leading low cost airline, with commitment to the highest quality of customer service, delivered in the company spirit of warmth, friendliness and custome r pride. Concentrating on the domestic sector, it flies to 92 destinations across 42 States of the USA. It is incorporated in Dallas Texas and operates more than 3300 flights a day. It is the USA’s largest domestic carrier. Looking at the mission statement for this airline, it is clear that they have defined their target market and reach in the USA. They are a domestic airline and want to keep it that way. What’s more, they want to lead the industry as a low cost competitor and are currently looking for ways to attract and solidify new groups of customers. A recent news release shows that they are tying up with hospitals, hotel chains and other businesses that have groups of customers or cargo that they can transport on a regular basis. This is an innovative approach that can bring them more business opportunities (Crosby, 1992). As far as the target market is concerned they have defined it as local customers. They do not want to enter the international sector, possibl y due to added costs of fuel, distance travelled and taxation and other financial costs. Moreover they are already leaders in the domestic market so it would pay to stick to their strengths rather than take unnecessary risks. As regards the products and services that this airline offers, its main emphasis is on being cost effective. In Michael Porter’s terms it is using Low Cost Leadership as its chief strategy (Porter, 1980). It operates a point to point service- with recently acquired Air Trans used as a hub and spoke service. It also has a tie up with Volaris, Mexico’s second largest airline for regional routes outside the USA. It operates a modern fleet with Boeing 737-800s and 737-MAXs being part of its inventory. It operates three kinds of flights principally- I Wanna Fly, Business Select and Anytime Fares. Only the first fare is non-refundable but all of them can be applied towards future flights. They have also started a Rapid Rewards Program and Early Bird Che ck In to further appeal to customers- and expanded operations to the Caribbean and Mexico after the acquisition of Air Tran. This airline company has also managed to achieve some degree of backward and forward integration with airline booking agencies and hotels all over the USA and in Mexico and the Caribbean. It even has linkups with resorts and rental car agencies if the passengers want to use these facilities. All of them are available on its website and there are also various gifts, rewards and discount packages that make it beneficial for the customer

Public Health Issue: Alcohol Misuse

Public Health Issue: Alcohol Misuse Alcohol misuse as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) is the alcohol use that places people at risk for problems, including at-risk use, clinical alcohol abuse, and dependence. Although the use of alcohol brings with it a number of pleasures, alcohol increases the risk of a wide range of social harms, generally in a dose dependent manner (WHO 2011). Alcohol misuse is one of the most devastating non-communicable deceases that contributes, or directly causes chronic ill-health, high mortality, violent crime, and anti-social behaviour (Alcohol Concern, 1997). According to the global status report on alcohol and health published in 2011 by World Health Organisation (WHO), the harmful use of alcohol results in 2.5 million deaths each year globally (WHO 2011). According to the same report, by 2011, alcohol misuse is the worlds third largest risk factor for disease burden, and it is the leading risk factor in the Western Pacific and the Americas and the second largest in Europe. Alcohol is associated with many serious social and developmental issues, including violence, child neglect and abuse, and absenteeism in the workplace (Harvey, 2000). Excessive alcohol consumption is a major cause of different types of diseases and conditions, including injuries, mental and behavioural disorders, gastrointestinal conditions, cancers, cardiovascular diseases, immunological disorders, lung diseases, skeletal and muscular diseases, reproductive disorders and pre-natal harm, including an increased risk of prematurity and low birth weight (Moore and, Pearson, 1986). For most conditions, alcohol increases the risk in a dose dependent manner, with the higher the alcohol consumption, the greater the risk. For some conditions, such as cardiomyopathy, acute respiratory distress syndrome and muscle damage, harm appears only to result from a sustained level of high alcohol consumption, but even at high levels, alcohol increases the risk and severity of these conditions in a dose dependent manner. The frequency and volume of episodic heavy drinking are of particular importance for increasing the risk of injuries and certain cardiovascular dise ases (Moore and Pearson 1986). The causes of alcohol misuse can be traced to many factors including family history, psychological factors such as anxiety or depression, the addictive pharmacology of alcohol, and the environment in which people live. Some research works show that genes could influence people drinking habits and their susceptibility to alcohol addiction. For others who drink alcohol above the guidelines, at hazardous and harmful levels, alcohol misuse may be due to habit, lifestyle, lack of awareness of the health effects and an absence of obvious symptoms. This assignment seeks to discuss the problems associated with alcohol misuse, and the collective efforts currently being put in place in term of research and government policies to address it. The understanding of local, national and global trends of alcohol misuse and the associated deceases will be demonstrated using the available statistical data from the Public Health Observatory. Following the introductory section, where background of alcohol misuse, the justification for chosen it, and the importance of alcohol misuse as a public health concern are provided, Section 2 will discuss the epidemiology and trends of alcohol misuse. In Section 3, the social determinants of alcohol misuse will be explored, while Section 4 will address how the issues and problems of alcohol misuses are tackled at both national and global level. Section 5 will be devoted to the local public health. Specifically, the problems associated with alcohol misuse in Bradford will be discussed. The last section will provide some recommendations and strategies to address the issue of alcohol misuse. Methodology The research methods used for this assignment included reviewing poster, televisions adverts, internet research on alcoholism and journals. The main website was the national institute of alcohol abuse, but others included healthy living, NHS Stockport. These research methods were very useful as they provided a wealth of information which resulted in a through investigation in to alcoholism and the effects on an individuals lifestyle 2. Epidemiology of Alcohol Misuse The alcohol misuse is a global phenomenon, which hinders both individual and social development. On a global level, World Health Organization (WHO 2011) reported that: The harmful use of alcohol results in 2.5 million deaths each year. 320 000 young people between the age of 15 and 29 die from alcohol-related causes, resulting in 9% of all deaths in that age group. Alcohol is the worlds third largest risk factor for disease burden; it is the leading risk factor in the Western Pacific and the Americas and the second largest in Europe. Researchers in numerous countries have conducted analyses of alcohol consumption and general population surveys to ascertain the level and consequences of alcohol use. In recent years, investigators also have made attempts to compare drinking rates and other drinking variables across different countries. One reason for researching across national borders is the need for descriptive epidemiology (Room and Makela1988). The total economic cost of alcohol to the EU was estimated to be à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬125 billion (WHO Europe, 2009), while the government of United Kingdom estimated the cost of alcohol related harms to the National Health Service (NHS) to be  £2.7 billion in 2006/07 prices (NHS 2012). Alcohol consumption is a major cause of ill-health in England. More than 10 million people (31 per cent of men and 20 per cent of women) are now regularly drinking above the guidelines set by Government (NAO, 2008), and many of these are likely to suffer ill-health or injury as a result. In England, it is estimated that 18 per cent of the adult population (7.6 million) are drinking at hazardous levels; another seven per cent (2.9 million) are showing evidence of harm to their own physical and mental health, including approximately 1.1 million people who have a level of alcohol addiction (NAO, 2008). Social Determinant on Health Alcohol use and abuse is a major preventable public health problem. To be able to do this, we must be able to understand the social determinant of alcohol misuse and abuse. Different factors such as gender difference, race, culture, ethnicity, social class, poverty levels are among the most important factors that have been found to influence the level of alcohol consumption. According to the research findings reported in the Alcohol Needs Assessment Research Project (ANARP), 2004, about 38% of men and 16% of women (age 16-64) have an alcohol use disorder , which is equivalent to approximately 8.2 million people in England. It has also been reported in the literature that alcohol use disorders generally decline with age. In relation to ethnicity, black and minority ethnic groups have a considerably lower prevalence of hazardous/harmful alcohol use but a similar prevalence of alcohol dependence compared with the white population (ANARP, 2004). Another important social determinant of alcohol misuse is the family background. The family plays a central role in the use of alcohol by children and adolescents. Early drinking and much subsequent use of alcohol by children and adolescents is sanctioned and sometimes encouraged by their families. Unlike experimentation with alcohol, problem drinking is associated with low levels of family social support and with dysfunctional coping strategies of families that may lead children to use drinking as an adaptive behavior. Addressing Alcohol Misuse Issues The harmful use of alcohol is a serious health burden, and it affects virtually all individuals on an international scale. Both the government policy (NHS) and the scientific literature have recognized the necessity to control the general populations alcohol consumption. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), the global strategy to control the misuse of alcohol will focuses on ten key areas of policy options and interventions at the national level and four priority areas for global action. The ten areas for national action are summarized as follows: Leadership, awareness and commitment; Health services response; Community action; Drink-driving policies and countermeasures; Availability of alcohol; Marketing of alcoholic beverages; Pricing policies; Reducing the negative consequences of drinking and alcohol intoxication; Reducing the public health impact of illicit alcohol and informally produced alcohol; Monitoring and surveillance. The four priority areas for global action are: public health advocacy and partnership; technical support and capacity building; production and dissemination of knowledge; resource mobilization At national level, Government policy continues to place emphasis on the primary care setting to undertake health promotion. Prior to 1995, the sensible drinking policy in the UK was that men should drink no more than 21 units (168 g) and women 14 units (112 g) per week (Department of Health 1992). However, by 1995, the Department of Health in UK has put in place guidelines for the responsible consumption of alcohol (UK Department of Health 1995). The comparison of UK units/day and grams of pure alcohol/day in light/moderate/heavy drinking is summarized in Table 1. Table 1: comparison of UK units/day and grams of pure alcohol/day in light/moderate/heavy drinking Local Public Health Of most concern to public health is the number of local people drinking excessively. In this work, the public health of Bradford will be discussed. National data suggests around 20,000 residents of the Bradford district are dependent drinkers. According to the Bradford and Airedale Health and Lifestyle Survey 2007-2008, the national average consumption in Bradford district is significantly greater than the national average. In all adult, the mean units alcohol consumed by drinkers in a typical week in Bradford is 23% for men and 14.5% for woman as compared to national average of 21% for men and 11% for woman (BJSNA 2010). The Bradford and Airedale Healthy Lifestyle Survey (BJSNA 2010) shows that 9% of men and 7% of women are drinking at a harmful (higher risk) level. For men, this finding is in line with the national average; for women, the finding as nearly double (England 4%). Amongst men, this problem is concentrated in the 35-64 age groups; amongst women, the under 24s and 45-54s exceed the district average. Recommendations and Strategies Current Strategies There have been various current strategies currently being put in place both by the local and national government. Some of the current strategies are aimed to: reduce the number of people who drink alcohol above recommended limits, thus reducing the adverse health impact of alcohol. reduce alcohol-related crime, disorder, intimidation, nuisance and anti-social behaviour. develop a comprehensive range of effective treatment, support, rehabilitation and reintegration services for alcohol victims, with easy access and clear care pathways. reduce the harm caused by alcohol misuse within families and relationships, including domestic abuse and the hidden harms caused to the children of alcohol- misusing parents. reduce the number of babies born with a disorder in the Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder range, and to decrease the risk of related problems experienced by children born with one of these disorders. reduce alcohol-related accidents and fires, thus reducing avoidable premature death, disability and less serious injuries. reduce the economic costs of alcohol misuse. ensure that information and services are accessible and welcoming to all sections of Bradfords diverse population. Recommendations In other to address the problem of alcohol misuse at local, national, and global level, the following recommendations are provided: Education is on of the general way to address the issue of alcohol misuse. Government can make sure that all local schools have programs in place to educate children about the risks posed by alcohol misuse. It is important to arm young people in community with knowledge about the consequences of abusing drink and drugs. Government at both local and national level should fund youth clubs, art facilities and other activities to give young people alternative things to do instead of spending time on the streets drinking. The general practitioners as well as nursing practitioners should continue to provide better support/consultancy services to the victims of alcohol. Provision of support group at different localities to provide improved counselling services and treatment programs for those with substance abuse problems in the community. Discussion should be established with schools, colleges, local employers, government and policy makers to see if they have any facilities in place to identify and help those struggling with alcohol misuse. Conclusion The public health issues on alcohol misuse are discussed in this work. Alcohol misuse is found to be one of the most devastating non-communicable deceases that contributes, or directly causes chronic ill-health, high mortality, violent crime, and anti-social behavior. The epidemiology and trends of alcohol misuse was discussed, while the social determinants of alcohol misuse based on gender difference, age, ethnicity, and family background was addressed. The policies put in place by both the local and national government to address the issues and problems of alcohol misuses are assessed. The last section provided some recommendations and strategies to address the issue of alcohol misuse.

Hamlet Essay :: essays research papers

Death can be harsh. Death can be punishing. Death can be for the most, sad. As most people see death, it brings tough and hard emotions to their minds. Most don’t understand that death should be celebrated. They believe that once they die they never see them again. This idea that death is the end, has haunted the human life for all of eternity. Death brings cold thoughts to a person, which makes them miserable. The passing away of a beloved person, can be extremely dangerous through the different ideas and attitudes that come with death. This is what came to be in the play Hamlet. The characters put their emotion into death and some of the different out puts toward death were surprising. Throughout Hamlet, the attitudes toward death are astonishing between the characters the Ghost, Claudius, and Hamlet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ghost had an obvious approach towards death. For instance, when he visited Hamlet telling him how he was murdered, he states, â€Å"Doomed...till the foul crimes done in my days are burnt and purged away.† (I:v:15-18) Suppressed by death, the Ghost felt abhorrence of the harsh evilness that he had to go through. He also showed his anger for the process of passing away, and death’s backstabbing ways. In addition, when he explained to Hamlet his murder, he exclaims, â€Å"...by a brother’s hand of life, of crown, of queen at once dispatched...O horrible, O horrible, most horrible!†(I:v:81-87) Here, the ghost implied that he loved life, and tells how easily death, in general, can bring you down to an all time low emotional state. An analogy to prove this is that the ghost felt his life was complete, so in the analogy he is sitting around a room with all of his goods around him. Then a glass box falls on top of him and he cannot have hi s goods anymore, although he can see them all and want them so much. There is no doubt that the feelings of death of the ghost were quite low and hated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  King Claudius had an uncertain view on what he thought death of. For example, after the king sees the play, he admits that he killed Hamlet’s father for, â€Å"My crown, mine own ambition, and my queen.† (III:iii:59) Claudius felt that death was his only way to power, and power, to him, was like being a god. He just saw death as a little spec in the way, thus meaning he believes deceasing isn’t that big of a deal.